The numpy.ma module#
Rationale#
Masked arrays are arrays that may have missing or invalid entries.
The numpy.ma module provides a nearly work-alike replacement for numpy
that supports data arrays with masks.
What is a masked array?#
In many circumstances, datasets can be incomplete or tainted by the presence
of invalid data. For example, a sensor may have failed to record a data, or
recorded an invalid value. The numpy.ma module provides a convenient
way to address this issue, by introducing masked arrays.
A masked array is the combination of a standard numpy.ndarray and a
mask. A mask is either nomask, indicating that no value of the
associated array is invalid, or an array of booleans that determines for each
element of the associated array whether the value is valid or not. When an
element of the mask is False, the corresponding element of the associated
array is valid and is said to be unmasked. When an element of the mask is
True, the corresponding element of the associated array is said to be
masked (invalid).
The package ensures that masked entries are not used in computations.
As an illustration, let’s consider the following dataset:
>>> import numpy as np
>>> import numpy.ma as ma
>>> x = np.array([1, 2, 3, -1, 5])
We wish to mark the fourth entry as invalid. The easiest is to create a masked array:
>>> mx = ma.masked_array(x, mask=[0, 0, 0, 1, 0])
We can now compute the mean of the dataset, without taking the invalid data into account:
>>> mx.mean()
2.75
The numpy.ma module#
The main feature of the numpy.ma module is the MaskedArray
class, which is a subclass of numpy.ndarray. The class, its
attributes and methods are described in more details in the
MaskedArray class section.
The numpy.ma module can be used as an addition to numpy:
>>> import numpy as np
>>> import numpy.ma as ma
To create an array with the second element invalid, we would do:
>>> y = ma.array([1, 2, 3], mask = [0, 1, 0])
To create a masked array where all values close to 1.e20 are invalid, we would do:
>>> z = ma.masked_values([1.0, 1.e20, 3.0, 4.0], 1.e20)
For a complete discussion of creation methods for masked arrays please see section Constructing masked arrays.
Using numpy.ma#
Constructing masked arrays#
There are several ways to construct a masked array.
A first possibility is to directly invoke the
MaskedArrayclass.A second possibility is to use the two masked array constructors,
arrayandmasked_array.array(data[, dtype, copy, order, mask, ...])An array class with possibly masked values.
alias of
numpy.ma.core.MaskedArrayA third option is to take the view of an existing array. In that case, the mask of the view is set to
nomaskif the array has no named fields, or an array of boolean with the same structure as the array otherwise.>>> x = np.array([1, 2, 3]) >>> x.view(ma.MaskedArray) masked_array(data=[1, 2, 3], mask=False, fill_value=999999) >>> x = np.array([(1, 1.), (2, 2.)], dtype=[('a',int), ('b', float)]) >>> x.view(ma.MaskedArray) masked_array(data=[(1, 1.0), (2, 2.0)], mask=[(False, False), (False, False)], fill_value=(999999, 1.e+20), dtype=[('a', '<i8'), ('b', '<f8')])
Yet another possibility is to use any of the following functions:
asarray(a[, dtype, order])Convert the input to a masked array of the given data-type.
asanyarray(a[, dtype])Convert the input to a masked array, conserving subclasses.
fix_invalid(a[, mask, copy, fill_value])Return input with invalid data masked and replaced by a fill value.
masked_equal(x, value[, copy])Mask an array where equal to a given value.
masked_greater(x, value[, copy])Mask an array where greater than a given value.
masked_greater_equal(x, value[, copy])Mask an array where greater than or equal to a given value.
masked_inside(x, v1, v2[, copy])Mask an array inside a given interval.
masked_invalid(a[, copy])Mask an array where invalid values occur (NaNs or infs).
masked_less(x, value[, copy])Mask an array where less than a given value.
masked_less_equal(x, value[, copy])Mask an array where less than or equal to a given value.
masked_not_equal(x, value[, copy])Mask an array where not equal to a given value.
masked_object(x, value[, copy, shrink])Mask the array x where the data are exactly equal to value.
masked_outside(x, v1, v2[, copy])Mask an array outside a given interval.
masked_values(x, value[, rtol, atol, copy, ...])Mask using floating point equality.
masked_where(condition, a[, copy])Mask an array where a condition is met.
Accessing the data#
The underlying data of a masked array can be accessed in several ways:
through the
dataattribute. The output is a view of the array as anumpy.ndarrayor one of its subclasses, depending on the type of the underlying data at the masked array creation.through the
__array__method. The output is then anumpy.ndarray.by directly taking a view of the masked array as a
numpy.ndarrayor one of its subclass (which is actually what using thedataattribute does).by using the
getdatafunction.
None of these methods is completely satisfactory if some entries have been
marked as invalid. As a general rule, where a representation of the array is
required without any masked entries, it is recommended to fill the array with
the filled method.
Accessing the mask#
The mask of a masked array is accessible through its mask
attribute. We must keep in mind that a True entry in the mask indicates an
invalid data.
Another possibility is to use the getmask and getmaskarray
functions. getmask(x) outputs the mask of x if x is a masked
array, and the special value nomask otherwise. getmaskarray(x)
outputs the mask of x if x is a masked array. If x has no invalid
entry or is not a masked array, the function outputs a boolean array of
False with as many elements as x.
Accessing only the valid entries#
To retrieve only the valid entries, we can use the inverse of the mask as an
index. The inverse of the mask can be calculated with the
numpy.logical_not function or simply with the ~ operator:
>>> x = ma.array([[1, 2], [3, 4]], mask=[[0, 1], [1, 0]])
>>> x[~x.mask]
masked_array(data=[1, 4],
mask=[False, False],
fill_value=999999)
Another way to retrieve the valid data is to use the compressed
method, which returns a one-dimensional ndarray (or one of its
subclasses, depending on the value of the baseclass
attribute):
>>> x.compressed()
array([1, 4])
Note that the output of compressed is always 1D.
Modifying the mask#
Masking an entry#
The recommended way to mark one or several specific entries of a masked array
as invalid is to assign the special value masked to them:
>>> x = ma.array([1, 2, 3])
>>> x[0] = ma.masked
>>> x
masked_array(data=[--, 2, 3],
mask=[ True, False, False],
fill_value=999999)
>>> y = ma.array([[1, 2, 3], [4, 5, 6], [7, 8, 9]])
>>> y[(0, 1, 2), (1, 2, 0)] = ma.masked
>>> y
masked_array(
data=[[1, --, 3],
[4, 5, --],
[--, 8, 9]],
mask=[[False, True, False],
[False, False, True],
[ True, False, False]],
fill_value=999999)
>>> z = ma.array([1, 2, 3, 4])
>>> z[:-2] = ma.masked
>>> z
masked_array(data=[--, --, 3, 4],
mask=[ True, True, False, False],
fill_value=999999)
A second possibility is to modify the mask directly,
but this usage is discouraged.
Note
When creating a new masked array with a simple, non-structured datatype,
the mask is initially set to the special value nomask, that
corresponds roughly to the boolean False. Trying to set an element of
nomask will fail with a TypeError exception, as a boolean
does not support item assignment.
All the entries of an array can be masked at once by assigning True to the
mask:
>>> x = ma.array([1, 2, 3], mask=[0, 0, 1])
>>> x.mask = True
>>> x
masked_array(data=[--, --, --],
mask=[ True, True, True],
fill_value=999999,
dtype=int64)
Finally, specific entries can be masked and/or unmasked by assigning to the mask a sequence of booleans:
>>> x = ma.array([1, 2, 3])
>>> x.mask = [0, 1, 0]
>>> x
masked_array(data=[1, --, 3],
mask=[False, True, False],
fill_value=999999)
Unmasking an entry#
To unmask one or several specific entries, we can just assign one or several new valid values to them:
>>> x = ma.array([1, 2, 3], mask=[0, 0, 1])
>>> x
masked_array(data=[1, 2, --],
mask=[False, False, True],
fill_value=999999)
>>> x[-1] = 5
>>> x
masked_array(data=[1, 2, 5],
mask=[False, False, False],
fill_value=999999)
Note
Unmasking an entry by direct assignment will silently fail if the masked
array has a hard mask, as shown by the hardmask
attribute. This feature was introduced to prevent overwriting the mask.
To force the unmasking of an entry where the array has a hard mask,
the mask must first to be softened using the soften_mask method
before the allocation. It can be re-hardened with harden_mask:
>>> x = ma.array([1, 2, 3], mask=[0, 0, 1], hard_mask=True)
>>> x
masked_array(data=[1, 2, --],
mask=[False, False, True],
fill_value=999999)
>>> x[-1] = 5
>>> x
masked_array(data=[1, 2, --],
mask=[False, False, True],
fill_value=999999)
>>> x.soften_mask()
masked_array(data=[1, 2, --],
mask=[False, False, True],
fill_value=999999)
>>> x[-1] = 5
>>> x
masked_array(data=[1, 2, 5],
mask=[False, False, False],
fill_value=999999)
>>> x.harden_mask()
masked_array(data=[1, 2, 5],
mask=[False, False, False],
fill_value=999999)
To unmask all masked entries of a masked array (provided the mask isn’t a hard
mask), the simplest solution is to assign the constant nomask to the
mask:
>>> x = ma.array([1, 2, 3], mask=[0, 0, 1])
>>> x
masked_array(data=[1, 2, --],
mask=[False, False, True],
fill_value=999999)
>>> x.mask = ma.nomask
>>> x
masked_array(data=[1, 2, 3],
mask=[False, False, False],
fill_value=999999)
Indexing and slicing#
As a MaskedArray is a subclass of numpy.ndarray, it inherits
its mechanisms for indexing and slicing.
When accessing a single entry of a masked array with no named fields, the
output is either a scalar (if the corresponding entry of the mask is
False) or the special value masked (if the corresponding entry of
the mask is True):
>>> x = ma.array([1, 2, 3], mask=[0, 0, 1])
>>> x[0]
1
>>> x[-1]
masked
>>> x[-1] is ma.masked
True
If the masked array has named fields, accessing a single entry returns a
numpy.void object if none of the fields are masked, or a 0d masked
array with the same dtype as the initial array if at least one of the fields
is masked.
>>> y = ma.masked_array([(1,2), (3, 4)],
... mask=[(0, 0), (0, 1)],
... dtype=[('a', int), ('b', int)])
>>> y[0]
(1, 2)
>>> y[-1]
(3, --)
When accessing a slice, the output is a masked array whose
data attribute is a view of the original data, and whose
mask is either nomask (if there was no invalid entries in the original
array) or a view of the corresponding slice of the original mask. The view is
required to ensure propagation of any modification of the mask to the original.
>>> x = ma.array([1, 2, 3, 4, 5], mask=[0, 1, 0, 0, 1])
>>> mx = x[:3]
>>> mx
masked_array(data=[1, --, 3],
mask=[False, True, False],
fill_value=999999)
>>> mx[1] = -1
>>> mx
masked_array(data=[1, -1, 3],
mask=[False, False, False],
fill_value=999999)
>>> x.mask
array([False, False, False, False, True])
>>> x.data
array([ 1, -1, 3, 4, 5])
Accessing a field of a masked array with structured datatype returns a
MaskedArray.
Operations on masked arrays#
Arithmetic and comparison operations are supported by masked arrays.
As much as possible, invalid entries of a masked array are not processed,
meaning that the corresponding data entries
should be the same before and after the operation.
Warning
We need to stress that this behavior may not be systematic, that masked data may be affected by the operation in some cases and therefore users should not rely on this data remaining unchanged.
The numpy.ma module comes with a specific implementation of most
ufuncs. Unary and binary functions that have a validity domain (such as
log or divide) return the masked
constant whenever the input is masked or falls outside the validity domain:
>>> ma.log([-1, 0, 1, 2])
masked_array(data=[--, --, 0.0, 0.6931471805599453],
mask=[ True, True, False, False],
fill_value=1e+20)
Masked arrays also support standard numpy ufuncs. The output is then a masked array. The result of a unary ufunc is masked wherever the input is masked. The result of a binary ufunc is masked wherever any of the input is masked. If the ufunc also returns the optional context output (a 3-element tuple containing the name of the ufunc, its arguments and its domain), the context is processed and entries of the output masked array are masked wherever the corresponding input fall outside the validity domain:
>>> x = ma.array([-1, 1, 0, 2, 3], mask=[0, 0, 0, 0, 1])
>>> np.log(x)
masked_array(data=[--, 0.0, --, 0.6931471805599453, --],
mask=[ True, False, True, False, True],
fill_value=1e+20)
Examples#
Data with a given value representing missing data#
Let’s consider a list of elements, x, where values of -9999. represent
missing data. We wish to compute the average value of the data and the vector
of anomalies (deviations from the average):
>>> import numpy.ma as ma
>>> x = [0.,1.,-9999.,3.,4.]
>>> mx = ma.masked_values (x, -9999.)
>>> print(mx.mean())
2.0
>>> print(mx - mx.mean())
[-2.0 -1.0 -- 1.0 2.0]
>>> print(mx.anom())
[-2.0 -1.0 -- 1.0 2.0]
Filling in the missing data#
Suppose now that we wish to print that same data, but with the missing values replaced by the average value.
>>> print(mx.filled(mx.mean()))
[0. 1. 2. 3. 4.]
Numerical operations#
Numerical operations can be easily performed without worrying about missing values, dividing by zero, square roots of negative numbers, etc.:
>>> import numpy.ma as ma
>>> x = ma.array([1., -1., 3., 4., 5., 6.], mask=[0,0,0,0,1,0])
>>> y = ma.array([1., 2., 0., 4., 5., 6.], mask=[0,0,0,0,0,1])
>>> print(ma.sqrt(x/y))
[1.0 -- -- 1.0 -- --]
Four values of the output are invalid: the first one comes from taking the square root of a negative number, the second from the division by zero, and the last two where the inputs were masked.
Ignoring extreme values#
Let’s consider an array d of floats between 0 and 1. We wish to
compute the average of the values of d while ignoring any data outside
the range [0.2, 0.9]:
>>> d = np.linspace(0, 1, 20)
>>> print(d.mean() - ma.masked_outside(d, 0.2, 0.9).mean())
-0.05263157894736836